AvaC - Acetylene Vacuum Carburizing
AvaC® is a proven process for vacuum carburizing with acetylene. One of the most important advantages of this process is high carbon availability, ensuring extremely homogenous carburizing even for complex geometries and very high load densities. The AvaC process involves alternate injection of acetylene (boost) and a neutral gas like nitrogen for diffusion. During boost injection, acetylene will only dissociate in contact with all-metal surfaces, thus allowing for uniform carburizing. At the same time, it almost totally eliminates the soot and tar formation problem known to occur from propane.
As shown in Figure 1, once the carburizing temperature is reached, the first carburizing step is initiated by admitting acetylene into the furnace to pressures between 3 and 5 Torr. Carbon transfer is so effective that the limit of carbon solubility in austenite is reached after only a few minutes. Therefore, the first carburizing step must be stopped after a relatively short time by interrupting the gas supply, and evacuating the furnace chamber. This initiates the second step or the first diffusion segment. The carbon transferred into the material and the surface carbon content decreases until it reaches the desired surface content. Depending on the material case depth specified, further carburizing and diffusion steps follow. Once the specified case depth is obtained, direct hardening usually involves reducing the load temperature and quenching the load, either in the same chamber or in a separate chamber.
Figure 1: Typical cycle with temperature and pressure curve
Controlling the AvaC Process
Control of the AvaC process is done via number of physical parameters which are temperature gas, gas flow, gas pressure and the number and duration of carburizing and diffusion steps. The number and duration of the carburizing and diffusion steps must be determined in order to meet the case depth specifications. A simulation program is used to keep pretesting to a minimum. The module AvaC simulation, illustrated in Figure 2, creates low-pressure carburizing (AvaC) cycle programs. The simulation program calculates carbon profiles dependent on the temperature, surface carbon content and case depth. The calculations are based on carbon transfer characteristics of acetylene gas.
Figure 2: AvaC expert depicting AvaC simulation model
The most remarkable benefit to AvaC can be found when the different hydrocarbon gases for low-pressure carburizing are evaluated for their penetration power into small-diameter, long, blind holes. This aspect has been investigated for samples with blind holes of 0.011 inches (.28 mm) in diameter and 3.55 inches (90 mm) in length as shown in Figure 3. The test cycle used in this case was a 10 minute pure boost carburizing at 1,650°F (899°C) or 3 Torr pressure and fast cooling in 2 bar nitrogen, followed by re-hardening from 1,580°F (860°C), using a nitrogen quench at 5 bar. After sectioning the round bar sample of 5115 steel, the surface hardness was measured inside the blind hole, at various distances from the opening.
Figure 3: Example of blind hole
The results of these surface hardness measurements are shown in Figure 4. This clearly indicates that the carburizing power of propane and ethylene is only sufficient to carburize the initial 0.23 inches (5.8 mm) of the blind hole. It was determined that the carburizing fell off rather significantly with hole depth up to 1.00 inch (25.4 mm). After 1.00 inch (25.4 mm) of hole depth, the hole surface was completely uncarburized.
Figure 4: Surface hardness results
In contrast, vacuum carburizing with acetylene results in a complete carburizing throughout the full 3.55 inches (90 mm) of the blind hole. The acetylene has a totally different carburizing capability than that of propane or ethylene.
Another feature and benefit is becoming more relevant during industrial utilization of this new technology and the desire of industries to move toward more green technologies. Despite the high carbon availability and the greater carburizing capability of acetylene, no soot or tar is produced.
Examples of AvaC Vacuum Carburizing
This new and cost effective technology AvaC, is yielding totally unexpected and superior results, and is quickly being adopted across many industries.
The extreme uniformity of carburizing produced by acetylene carburizing of such components is shown. At the same time, the structure of the carburized case is totally free of any intergranular (internal) oxidation, as the only atmosphere which comes into contact with the nozzles during the carburizing process is the hydrocarbon acetylene.
A wide range of materials and processing techniques in vacuum carburizing can be seen in the following examples. These examples demonstrate the diversity of the process using vacuum carburizing techniques on small and large components. Additionally the examples selected had simple and complex geometry; were wrought and powder metal materials; parts with critical distortion concerns; requiring oil and high pressure gas quenching methods. Also considered were parts requiring dense loading arrangements; variations in section size; with shallow, medium, and deep case depth requirements. This variety underscores the type of products adaptable to the AvaC process in vacuum carburizing equipment.
Example One: Bevel Gears
Bevel gear load
Hardness profile
| Designation | Bevel gear |
| Number of Parts | 46 |
| Load Weight | 705 lbs (320 kg) |
| Material | 5115 |
Example Two: Wind Turbine Gears
Wind turbine gears
Carbon profile
| Designation | Turbine gears |
| Material | 18Cr Ni Mo7-6 |
| ECD at 513 Hv 0.5 | 0.078 +/- 0.011" |
| Gross load weight | 350 lbs (159 kg) |
| Carburizing temperature | 1800°F (982°C) |
| Gas quenching pressure | 15 bar |
| Cycle time | 6 hours |
Example Three: Aerospace Materials
| SAE 9310 | M50 NiL | Pyrowera X53 |
| Carburizing temperature: 1750°F (954°C) |
Carburizing temperature: 1750°F (954°C) |
Carburizing temperature: 1750°F (954°C) |
| Cycle time: 8 hours and 40 minutes |
Cycle time: 8 hours and 40 minutes |
Cycle time: 8 hours and 40 minutes |
| ECD at 50 HRC: 0.040" - 0.055" (1.02 mm - 1.40 mm) |
ECD at 50 HRC: 0.040" - 0.055" (1.02 mm - 1.40 mm) |
ECD at 50 HRC: 0.040" - 0.055" (1.02 mm - 1.40 mm) |
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| Nital Etched 500X |
AvaC Process Advantage
One of the most important advantages of the AvaC process, as illustrated in Figure 5, is high carbon availability which ensures homogeneous carburizing even for complex geometries and very high load densities.
Figure 5: AvaC vs. Other Processes - Carburizing Homogeneity
Improved pitch-to-root-case ratio of 70 percent for atmosphere carburizing as compared to 85-90 percent with AvaC.
Other advantages include:
- Shorter process times due to high carbon flux, high carburizing temperature and elimination of furnace conditioning
- Enhanced component quality due to elimination of internal oxidation and precise case uniformity
- Complex geometry and dense loads carburization
- Safe process due to the lack of flammable waste gases
- High furnace availability/reliability due to elimination of soot or tar formation
- Higher part-to-part and load-to-load repeatability over atmosphere technology
AvaC Process Advantage Over Atmosphere Furnaces
The AvaC process provides the following features and benefits over conventional atmospheric furnaces:
- Better work environment with cold-wall design which provides lower shell temperature
- No costly exhaust hoods or stacks required.Faster start-ups and shutdowns with no furnace idling over the weekends
- No endothermic gas generators required
- Less floor space required and no post-washing to remove quench oils
- No pits or special foundation requirements needed
AvaC Furnace Configurations
The AvaC furnace can be provided in the following configurations and sizes.
Figure 6: Single-chamber design
| Single-Chamber Work Space |
| 24" x 24" x 36" (610 mm x 610 mm x 910 mm) |
| 36" x 36" x 48" (910 mm x 910 mm x 1,220 mm) |
Figure 7: Two-chamber design - oil and/or gas
| Two-Chamber Work Space |
| 24" x 24" x 36" (610 mm x 610 mm x 910 mm) |
| 36" x 36" x 48" (910 mm x 910 mm x 1,220 mm) |
Visit the AvaC vacuum furnace product page to learn more.
